Présentations exceptionnelles au Congrès de la SCMO

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Du 3 au 6 juin 2024, le 58e congrès annuel de la Société canadienne de météorologie et d’océanographie s’est tenu virtuellement avec l’aide du Centre de Winnipeg et du Centre de l’intérieur de la Colombie-Britannique et du Yukon. Le thème du congrès était « Les événements extrêmes dans un climat changeant », et les sujets des sessions couvraient les dernières découvertes scientifiques et les solutions à l’urgence climatique, les phénomènes météorologiques à fort impact et la crise mondiale de l’eau, entre autres. De plus amples informations sur le congrès sont disponibles ici.

Pour mettre en lumière la diversité et l’impact des recherches présentées, nous avons demandé aux présidents de séance de choisir un exposé ou un poster à partager avec le Bulletin. Nous avons ensuite contacté ces personnes pour leur demander ce qui les avait attirées dans leurs recherches et ce qu’elles avaient trouvé d’intéressant. Nous partageons ici les réponses des présentateurs et les témoignages des présidents de séance sur les raisons pour lesquelles ils ont désigné les présentations de leurs séances. Les résumés de chaque présentation se trouvent au bas de l’article.

 

Les trois océans du Canada sur plusieurs décennies — Prévisions a posteriori des glaces de mer : Une étude sur la glace de mer de la baie d’Hudson

– Par Sarah MacDermid – 

  1. Qu’est-ce qui vous a attirée dans ce domaine de recherche?

J’ai été initiée à la modélisation des glaces de mer au cours de ma recherche de maîtrise à l’Université McGill, tout à fait par hasard. Je voulais faire de l’observation en milieu ouvert pour étudier les conditions météorologiques extrêmes, mais tous les professeurs qui travaillaient dans ce domaine à l’époque étaient pris. Avec le recul, je n’ai aucun regret, car je suis facilement malade en voiture et j’ai pu travailler avec Bruno Tremblay et Anne De Vernal, qui m’ont tous deux beaucoup soutenue et inspirée tout au long de mes études. J’ai également eu la chance de passer six semaines dans l’Arctique à bord du brise-glace CCGS Amundsen opérant le Rosette. Depuis, j’ai continué à travailler par intermittence avec des modèles de glace de mer et d’océan, qu’il s’agisse de systèmes régionaux couplés ou non couplés ou d’installations régionales plus vastes à l’échelle du climat.

  1. Quelle est la découverte intéressante ou inattendue que vous avez faite?

En étudiant une poussée d’air froid qui a touché une grande partie du Canada atlantique en février 2024, mon équipe du MPO et moi-même avons remarqué une région d’eau côtière chaude indiquée par le système de prévision océanique des glaces côtières près de l’île d’Anticosti. Bien que nous n’ayons pas encore confirmé si cet événement s’est produit dans la réalité, le modèle montre clairement une remontée d’eau chaude de courte durée. Si l’on examine la situation, on constate qu’elle est logique : en hiver, les eaux de subsurface du golfe du Saint-Laurent sont plus chaudes et l’événement s’est accompagné de vents forts qui ont stimulé la remontée d’eau Il était tout simplement surprenant de voir une masse d’eau aussi chaude apparaître au cours d’un événement aussi glacial.

  1. Qu’attendez-vous le plus pour la suite?

La communauté et mon ministère ont clairement exprimé le souhait de mettre en place un système couplé de prévision air-mer-glace dans l’Arctique au sein d’Environnement et Changement climatique Canada, et je me réjouis de travailler au sein d’une équipe de scientifiques multidisciplinaires très motivés pour mettre ce système en place et le faire fonctionner.

 

Tempêtes de type convectif graves et extrêmes : Mise à jour du projet de modernisation de l’alerte aux tempêtes de type convectif du Service météorologique du Canada

– Par Bradley Power – 

  1. Qu’est-ce qui vous a attiré dans ce domaine de recherche?

Depuis que j’ai obtenu mon diplôme universitaire, j’ai senti qu’il y avait de nombreuses possibilités d’améliorer les avertissements de tempêtes de type convectif au Canada. Après être devenu prévisionniste au Service météorologique du Canada (SMC), j’ai créé un petit outil qui interrogeait les données radar post-traitées pour aider les prévisionnistes à créer rapidement le texte qui est ajouté à nos avertissements. Bien qu’il n’ait pas été largement adopté en dehors de mon bureau, cet outil a permis de concrétiser l’idée naissante d’une rationalisation du processus d’avertissement de tempêtes de type convectif. Une dizaine d’années plus tard, le SMC était prêt à moderniser ses systèmes d’alerte et on m’a demandé de diriger l’effort de développement pour améliorer nos avertissements de tempêtes de type convectif pendant l’été. J’ai vraiment eu la chance de faire partie d’une équipe aussi talentueuse et dévouée qui réalise des progrès considérables pour aider à sauver des vies au Canada.

  1. Quelle est la découverte intéressante ou inattendue que vous avez faite?

Bien qu’il semble s’agir d’un processus simple, le système permettant de transmettre rapidement au public canadien des renseignements fiables et compréhensibles est plus complexe et interconnecté qu’il n’y paraît. Bien que le Service météorologique du Canada soit responsable de la production des messages d’avertissement, nous devons compter fortement sur nos partenaires des secteurs de la météorologie et des télécommunications au Canada pour amplifier nos avertissements. Sans nos partenaires, le public ne recevrait pas de renseignements sur les avertissements moins de 30 secondes après que le prévisionniste a tiré la sonnette d’alarme.

  1. Qu’attendez-vous le plus pour la suite?

J’attends avec impatience les changements qui seront apportés au programme d’avertissements du Service météorologique du Canada. Le changement que je dirige introduira des avertissements plus précis pour les orages violents et les tornades afin de réduire le nombre d’avertissements excessifs au niveau de la zone, comme c’est le cas avec notre système actuel. Un autre changement en cours de développement verra l’introduction de nouveaux avertissements à code couleur avec des niveaux croissants pour une information de haute qualité sur les impacts potentiels des phénomènes météorologiques violents. Bien que ces premières mesures semblent modestes, nous espérons qu’elles auront un impact important en aidant les Canadiens à prendre des décisions plus sûres et mieux informées pour atténuer leur exposition aux risques liés aux conditions météorologiques. Ces changements seront des tremplins qui ouvriront de nouvelles possibilités à exploiter dans les années à venir. Savoir que mon équipe et moi-même avons joué un petit rôle dans la possibilité de sauver des vies sera très gratifiant.

 

Dynamique de l’atmosphère, de l’océan et du climat : Changement climatique et évolution de la dynamique du tourbillon de Beaufort

– Par Rosalie Cormier – 

  1. Qu’est-ce qui vous a attiré dans ce domaine de recherche?

L’océan m’a toujours impressionnée, non seulement par sa capacité à maintenir la vie, mais aussi par la façon dont sa dynamique complexe à plusieurs échelles donne l’impression qu’il a une vie propre. Je suis curieuse de comprendre les nombreuses interrelations entre les champs physiques qui composent l’océan, car cela nous permet de mieux comprendre comment l’océan façonne notre climat. Je suis passionnée par l’apprentissage et le partage de mes connaissances sur la physique des océans, en particulier dans le contexte de l’atténuation des changements climatiques.

  1. Quelle est la découverte intéressante ou inattendue que vous avez faite?

Il a été intéressant d’examiner les données d’observation et les données rétrospectives illustrant les changements de la dynamique à grande échelle du tourbillon de Beaufort au cours des dernières décennies. Il est bien connu que le tourbillon de Beaufort est l’une des régions de l’Arctique qui subit le déclin le plus rapide de la concentration de glace de mer, et il a été intéressant d’observer les changements simultanés d’autres propriétés du tourbillon, y compris la migration de son centre et le renforcement de sa circulation de surface.

  1. Qu’attendez-vous le plus pour la suite?

Je me réjouis de continuer à utiliser les simulations numériques d’un modèle idéalisé pour mieux comprendre la dynamique des tourbillons borocliniques dans le tourbillon de Beaufort. Nous cherchons à comprendre la relation entre le forçage de surface et la manifestation de l’instabilité boroclinique dans le tourbillon, et il sera intéressant de comparer nos résultats aux prédictions théoriques et aux observations.

 

Modélisation du système terrestre au Canada : Une nouvelle estimation de la sensibilité climatique des modèles du système terrestre CMIP

– Par le professeur Ivy Tan – 

  1. Qu’est-ce qui vous a attiré dans ce domaine de recherche?

Les changements climatiques ont un impact sur tout le monde. Les nuages constituent une préoccupation majeure dans le contexte des changements climatiques en raison des incertitudes liées à leur formation, à leur évolution et à leur dissipation. La réduction de l’incertitude des projections climatiques dépendra en grande partie de notre compréhension des processus nuageux.

  1. Quelle est la découverte intéressante ou inattendue que vous avez faite?

Un certain nombre de modèles climatiques ont apparemment surcompensé leurs sous-estimations antérieures de la proportion de liquide dans les nuages froids. L’ajustement de cette surcompensation de la proportion de liquide dans les nuages froids implique un réchauffement moins important.

  1. Qu’attendez-vous le plus pour la suite?

Je me réjouis de voir l’évolution de la science du climat au cours de la prochaine décennie, à mesure que de nouveaux outils et de nouvelles méthodes seront mis au point. Je suis particulièrement enthousiaste à l’idée de voir l’évolution du modèle canadien CanESM, pour lequel les efforts de collaboration joueront un rôle central, ainsi que le développement innovant par le Canada d’instruments satellitaires pour observer les nuages et les aérosols dans le cadre de la mission Aérosols, vapeur d’eau et nuages de haute altitude. L’ensemble de ces efforts devrait nous permettre de mieux comprendre les processus nuageux et d’obtenir un meilleur consensus sur les changements climatiques à venir.

 

On June 3-6, 2024, the 58th annual Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Congress was held virtually with help from the Winnipeg Centre and the BC Interior-Yukon Centre. The theme of the Congress was “Extreme Events in a Changing Climate,” wherein session topics spanned the latest science and solutions on the climate emergency to high impact weather and the global water crisis, among others. More information on the Congress can be found here.

To highlight the diverse and impactful research presented, we asked session chairs to choose one talk or poster to share with the Bulletin. We then reached out to these individuals and to ask what drew them to their research and what they found interesting. Here, we are sharing answers from presenters and testimonials from session chairs on why they nominated the presentations from their sessions. Abstracts for each presentation can be found at the bottom of the article.

Canada’s Three Oceans multi-decade ocean – Sea-ice hindcast: A Hudson’s Bay sea-ice study

– By Sarah MacDermid – 

  1. What drew you to this area of research?

I was first introduced to sea-ice modelling during my Master’s Research at McGill University very much by accident. I wanted to do field work to study extreme weather, but all the professors working within that field at the time were taken. Looking back, I have no regrets as I get car sick easily and I got to work with Bruno Tremblay and Anne De Vernal, who were both very supportive and inspiring throughout my studies. I was also lucky and spend 6 weeks in the Arctic aboard the CCGS Amundsen Icebreaker operating the Rosette. I have continued to work with sea-ice and ocean models on and off ever since; from regional coupled and uncoupled systems to larger regional climate-scale set-ups.

  1. What is an interesting or unexpected finding you had?

While studying a Cold Air Outbreak that affected much of Atlantic Canada in February 2024, my team at DFO and I noticed a region of warm coastal water shown by the Coastal Ice Ocean Prediction System near Anticosti Island. While we haven’t yet confirmed whether this event occurred in reality, the model clearly shows a short lived warm water upwelling event. Looking at the situation it does makes sense, because in the winter the subsurface waters in the Gulf of St Lawrence are warmer and the event was accompanied by strong winds driving the upwelling. It was just surprising to see such a warm pool of water appear during such a frigid event.

  1. What are you looking forward to most next?

There has been a clear desire within the community, and my department, to set up a coupled Arctic Air-Sea-Ice forecasting system at Environment and Climate Change Canada and I am looking forward to working within a team of highly motivated, multi-disciplinary scientists to get it up and running.

 

Leveraging Data-Driven Weather Emulators to Guide Physics-Based NWP Models: A Fusion of Forecasting Paradigms

– By Syed Husain – 

” The recent rise of AI-based weather emulators is challenging the traditional approach to meteorological forecasting, which mainly depends on physics-based numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. These AI models have limitations, such as coarser resolution and a limited range of predicted variables. This study proposes a hybrid forecasting system that combines accurate large-scale information from a data-driven model with NWP models to enhance predictions. The improvements in predictability gains are significant, equivalent to several years of research, offering the best of both worlds.” – Miguel Tremblay, Advances and Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Meteorology Chair

 

Severe and Extreme Convective Storms: Update on the Meteorological Service of Canada’s Convective Alert Modernization project

– By Bradley Power – 

  1. What drew you to this area of research?

Since I graduated from University, I have felt there were many opportunities to improve the convective warnings in Canada.  After I became a forecaster with the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC), I created a small tool that queried post processed Radar data to help forecasters quickly create the text that is added to our warnings. Though not widely adopted outside of my home office, it formed the nascent idea of how the convective warning process could be streamlined. About a decade later, the MSC was ready to begin modernizing its alerting systems and I was asked to lead the development effort for improving our summer time convective warnings. I have been truly blessed to be part of such a talented and devoted team who is making significant strides in helping potentially save Canadian lives.

  1. What is an interesting or unexpected finding you had?

Though it seems like a straightforward process, the system to get reliable and understandable warning information quickly into the hands of the Canadian public is more complex and interconnected than you would expect. Though the MSC is responsible for producing the warning messages, we must rely heavily on our partners in Canada’s weather and telecommunication industries to amplify our warnings. Without our partners, the public would not have warning information delivered to them in less than 30 seconds after the forecaster sounds the alarm.

  1. What are you looking forward to most next?

I am really looking forward to some of the changes coming to the MSCs alerting program. The change that I am leading will introduce more precise severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings to reduce the amount of areal over-alerting present with our current system. Another change in development will see the introduction of new colour-coded alerts with escalating levels for high-glance information on potential impacts of severe weather events. Though these first steps will be seemingly small, it is hoped they will have a large impact in helping Canadians make safer, more informed decisions to mitigate their exposure to weather related hazards. These changes will be stepping stones opening up new opportunities to be built upon for years to come. Knowing that my team and I played a small part in potentially saving peoples lives will be quite rewarding.

 

Ocean acidification is not a slow burn in some coastal regions: rapid modulation of corrosive conditions in the northern Strait of Georgia

– By Wiley Evans – 

“The talk uses the specific example of the Strait of Georgia (due to its exceptional data record) to challenge the idea that changes in ocean acidification are gradual. Unexpected rapid change is likely to occur in many coastal regions leading to short lived extremes which can adversely affect organisms. The Arctic and many coastal areas with limited buffering capacity are particularly susceptible to rapid shifts in CO2 levels. These areas are important for global biodiversity and understanding these rapid changes may help us prepare for future impacts. ” – Amber Holdsworth,  Advancing Research on Marine Extremes Chair

 

Atmosphere, Ocean, and Climate Dynamics: Climate Change and the Changing Dynamics of the Beaufort Gyre

– By Rosalie Cormier – 

  1. What drew you to this area of research?

The ocean has always awed me with not only its capacity to sustain life, but also the way its intricate, multiscale dynamics give the impression that the ocean has a life of its own. I am curious to understand the many interrelationships between the physical fields that comprise the ocean, because this allows us to gain a deeper understanding of how the ocean shapes our climate. I am passionate about both learning and sharing my knowledge of the physics of the ocean, particularly in the context of mitigating further climate change.

  1. What is an interesting or unexpected finding you had?

It has been interesting to get to look at observational and hindcast data illustrating the changes to the large-scale dynamics of the Beaufort Gyre throughout the past several decades. It is well known that the Beaufort Gyre is one of the Arctic regions undergoing the most rapid decline in sea-ice concentration, and it has been interesting to observe the simultaneous changes in other properties of the gyre, including the migration of its centre and strengthening of its surface circulation. 

  1. What are you looking forward to most next?

I am looking forward to continuing to use numerical simulations of an idealized model to better understand the dynamics of baroclinic eddies in the Beaufort Gyre. We are working on understanding the relationship between surface forcing and the manifestation of baroclinic instability in the gyre, and it will be interesting to compare our results to theoretical predictions and to observations.

 

Urban and Non-Urban Environmental Components and their impacts on Vector-Borne and Human Infectious Disease risks via effects on local Climate in Canada

– By Sukanya Ghosh – 

“Sukanya Ghosh has a good story to tell, in a field that is clearly set to grow and develop as we become more familiar with high resolution satellite and model data, and are looking to make challenging, nonlinear associations with new climate-related risks for Canadians.  Her CMOS presentation seemed only to touch on work that she might be publishing now, but I suspect that the Bulletin may also reach at least as many people.” – Rick Danielson, Multidisciplinary – Theoretical to Applied Science Chair

 

Earth System Modelling in Canada: A New Estimate of the Climate Sensitivity of CMIP Earth System Models

– By Prof. Ivy Tan – 

  1. What drew you to this area of research?

Climate change impacts everyone.  Clouds are a primary concern in the context of climate change due to the uncertainties associated with how they form, evolve, and dissipate.  Narrowing the uncertainty in climate projections will largely hinge on how well we understand cloud processes.

  1. What is an interesting or unexpected finding you had?

A number of climate models have apparently overcompensated for their previous underestimates in the proportion of liquid in cold clouds.  Adjusting for this overcompensation in the proportion of liquid in cold clouds implies less projected warming.

  1. What are you looking forward to most next?

I am looking forward to seeing the evolution of climate science in the next decade as new tools and methods are being developed.  I’m particularly excited to see new developments in Canada’s CanESM model, which collaborative efforts will play a pivotal role in, and also Canada’s innovative development of satellite instruments to observe clouds and aerosols as a part of the High-altitude Aerosols, Water vapour and Clouds (HAWC) mission.  Together, these efforts are expected to enable us to better understand cloud processes and provide a better consensus on future climate change.

 

Calibration of Parameters of Distributed Land Surface Models Using a Deeping Learning Technique

– By Qingyun Duan – 

“This work is worth recommending to a broad audience because it introduces an innovative deep learning approach, GAN-PO, that significantly enhances the accuracy and spatial consistency of land surface model (LSM) simulations. The method’s application to the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model demonstrates substantial improvements in simulating evapotranspiration, a critical process for understanding water cycles. Additionally, the use of advanced neural networks to address calibration challenges represents a significant advancement in Earth system modeling, making it highly relevant for researchers and practitioners in climate science and hydrology. ” – Yanping Li, Leveraging Artificial Intelligence for Enhanced High-Resolution Regional Climate Modeling of Extreme Events under Climate Change Chair

 

Canada’s Three Oceans multi-decade ocean – sea-ice hindcast: A Hudson’s Bay sea-ice study.

By Sarah MacDermid, Youyu Lu, Li Zhai, Xianmin Hu, David Brickman 

We will briefly report on the progress of a collaboration project entitled “Assessing on-going ocean climate change: A high-resolution climate simulation for Canada’s Three Oceans from 1958-to-Present day” supported by the Competitive Science Research Fund of Fisheries and Oceans Canada.

The “Three Oceans” model is based on version 3.6 of Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) and version 3 of the Louvain-la-Neuve Sea Ice Model (LIM3). The model domain covers north of 45°N in the North Pacific, the Arctic, and north of 7°N in the North Atlantic Oceans. The model includes tides, and is driven by hourly ERA5 atmospheric forcing and monthly lateral boundary conditions, provided by ORAS5. Monthly varying river runoff and Greenland ice sheet meltwater is also included.

While the project will be completed using a grid with a nominal horizontal resolution of 1/12° in longitude/latitude and 75 z-levels in the vertical, we make use of a coarser model resolution of ¼° to make testing and parameter tuning quicker. We will be presenting results from a 64 year simulation of this coarser model, concentrating on possible trends and historical changes in sea-ice phenology in the Hudson’s Bay.

 

Leveraging Data-Driven Weather Emulators to Guide Physics-Based NWP Models: A Fusion of Forecasting Paradigms 

By Syed Zahid Husain,  Leo Separovic,  Jing Yang,  Christopher Subich,  Rabah Aider

Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models that rely on a physics-driven approach to simulate atmospheric processes have long been the gold standard for meteorological forecasting. However, the advent of data-driven models inspired by artificial intelligence (AI) has recently started to seriously challenge this well-established paradigm. These AI models are generally based on some form of deep neural network architecture. A number of these models and their trained weights have recently been made open-source, e.g., GraphCast by Google’s DeepMind, Pangu-Weather by Huawei, and FourCastNest by NVIDIA.

By training on the ERA5 reanalysis dataset from ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts), the weights of these models are calibrated to make predictions that emulate ERA5. As a result, models like GraphCast and Pangu-Weather can even surpass the accuracy of ECMWF’s Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) in certain metrics. More importantly, they can make predictions with computational efficiency that is orders of magnitude higher than any NWP model.

Despite their advantages, AI models can suffer from excessive smoothing of fine-scale features that may progressively worsen over longer lead times, affecting resolutions up to 1000-1500 km. To address this limitation, efforts are underway at Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) to combine the AI and NWP modelling efforts through well-designed spectral nudging of NWP forecasts towards the large-scale states predicted by an AI model. Such an approach may help to improve NWP guidance while eliminating fine-scale smoothing and give operational meteorologist access to all the prognostic and diagnostic variables they are used to. A pertinent study at ECCC in this regard is aiming to identify the strengths and limitations of both AI and NWP models, with preliminary findings indicating higher spectral coherence in AI models over a wide range of scales. The detailed results from this ongoing comparative study will be shared at the conference.

 

Update on the Meteorological Service of Canada’s Convective Alert Modernization project

By Bradley Power

The Convective Alert Modernization (CAM) project, initiated in early 2022, aims to modernize the production and delivery of convective warnings in Canada. The current practice of creating convective alerts for predefined zones results in areas being alerted where there is no actual threat expected. The project aims to reduce areal over-alerting of tornado and severe thunderstorm hazards by introducing forecaster defined free-form polygons. This change will more precisely represent the boundaries of the predicted convective threat areas. Internal evaluations have demonstrated potential service improvements and highlighted challenges with the introduction of this new threat boundary paradigm in Canada. This presentation will discuss the approaches being considered to address the challenges and will also provide a project update.

 

Ocean acidification is not a slow burn in some coastal regions: rapid modulation of corrosive conditions in the northern Strait of Georgia

By Wiley Evans, Justin Del Bel Belluz, Katie Campbell, Carrie Weekes, Jessy Barrette, Eva Drew Jordison, Kimberly Bedard, Jonathan Bergshoeff, Ian Giesbrecht, Alex Hare, Colleen Kellogg, Jennifer Jackson

There is a perception that ocean acidification (OA) is a gradually intensifying phenomenon; however, recent studies have illustrated large rates of change in weakly-buffered seawater within the ocean interior and in the Arctic. Rapid changes in marine CO2 chemistry are also likely to occur in many coastal regions that exhibit a weak capacity to buffer natural and anthropogenic CO2 additions. Rapid abatement in adverse conditions may also occur, leading to short-lived extremes that manifest on time scales dictated by the nature of physical and biogeochemical forcings. The Strait of Georgia, on the northeast Pacific coast, is one such region that has exhibited short-lived extremes in marine CO2 chemistry. Here, we evaluate inter-annual physical and biogeochemical variability using an 8-year record of bi-weekly measurements from an oceanographic station to show how the seasonal manifestation of extremely corrosive, low-pH, and hypercapnic conditions in the northern terminus of this region is related to wintertime wind and summertime productivity season intensities.

 

Climate Change and the Changing Dynamics of the Beaufort Gyre

By Rosalie Cormier, Francis Poulin  

The Beaufort Gyre (BG) is one of the two major currents in the Arctic Ocean and is driven anti-cyclonically by surface winds. The transfer of momentum from the winds to the gyre is partially damped by the seasonally-fluctuating sea-ice cover, which has, on average, dramatically declined over recent decades. Wind forcing mixes the uppermost layer of the BG and skews the gyre’s isopycnal surfaces to create a strong vertical shear below the mixed layer. The baroclinic instability associated with this shear generates baroclinic eddies, which stir the water column and lift warm water from depth. Field measurements of the BG and data-assimilation models reveal that an increased upward heat flux correlates with recent sea-ice retreat in the BG region. This talk will explore the changing dynamics of the BG through two complementary approaches. First, we will chronicle the dynamics of the BG over the past several decades via an analysis of ECCO (Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean) model data. We will focus on how the temperature, density, and velocity profiles of the BG have changed, and how these changes correlate with the loss of sea ice. Second, we will present an idealized model of the BG, informed by our ECCO-data analysis, that can be simulated numerically using the Julia-language library Oceananigans.jl. We discuss how this model is used to more precisely parameterize baroclinic phenomena in the BG.

Urban and Non-Urban Environmental Components and their impacts on Vector-Borne and Human Infectious Disease risks via effects on local Climate in Canada

By Sukanya Ghosh, Philippe Gachon, Nicholas H. Ogden

Climate change driving global warming is due to human-induced activities that include modification of Land-Use and Land Cover (LULC) alongside the continuous emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. As a result, agricultural and forestry lands are partially converted to increased impermeable surfaces and non-vegetated space, which exacerbates the urban heat island (UHI) and its effects on local temperature. The effects of warming and other climate change indicators, such as altered precipitation and humidity patterns, may have a significant impact on vectors (mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks), as well as our capacity to prevent and control vector-borne diseases. Many vector-borne illnesses are currently a threat to North America, including Canada. Variability and changes in the daily, seasonal, or annual climate can lead to the adaptability of vectors and pathogens, as well as changes in their geographic locations. Thus, this study aimed to find the association between climate-change, the impact of LULC change, and potential changes in UHI on the transmission of vector-borne diseases in North America. Furthermore, it is important to comprehend and manage the historical and existing LULC characteristics to evaluate the association between the climate and vector-borne diseases. The study concentrated on the major Urban (and non-Urban) Environmental Components (UEC) that include LULC, vegetation and build-up indices, land surface temperature (LST), UHI along with the on-going climate change (i.e. effects on temperatures and precipitation) affecting the spatial and seasonal distribution of vector-borne populations and diseases in North America. Satellite Images are used to identify the spatial correlation between UEC and climate fields that influence the distribution of vector-borne populations. Landsat-8 series and MODIS available datasets covering a period from 2003-2023 are used and investigated using geospatial techniques. The UHI, derived from LST obtained from satellite images, is strongly associated with changes in LULC over the past 20 years. This evaluation or relationship has been made possible by the application of cutting-edge analysis techniques, improvements in computing power, and the freely available five-decade archival remotely sensed datasets. Those include different study area characteristics, LULC classification, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and normalized difference built-up index (NDBI) with the association of spatial and temporal changes of LST and climate modifications of UHI. The results obtained from satellite data for climate modifications are validated using the reanalysis ERA-5 land datasets. The following steps will be to develop a model-based infectious and vector-borne diseases over North America using these geospatial information and regional climate model simulations to evaluate the changes in the risks of infectious and emerging diseases in Canada under future climate conditions.

 

A New Estimate of the Climate Sensitivity of CMIP Earth System Models

By Ivy Tan, Chen Zhou,  Aubert Lamy, Catherine Stauffer  

The projected change in Earth’s global mean surface air temperature in response to a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations — known as climate sensitivity — remains highly uncertain.  Attempts to narrow Earth’s climate sensitivity using Earth System Models (ESMs) have remained elusive in large part due to clouds.  Previous studies have shown that exaggerating the proportion of ice in cold clouds in ESMs participating in CMIP5 were linked to underestimated climate sensitivity values.  A number of ESMs in CMIP6 have since exaggerated the proportion of liquid in cold clouds that were potentially linked to high climate sensitivity values.  Here, we analyze the CMIP5 and CMIP6 ESMs and find a linear relationship emerge between the change in cloud opacity in response to global warming and the proportion of liquid in cold clouds on the global scale, thus offering a potentially promising means of constraining climate sensitivity to more realistic values.  We use this relationship, with underpinnings rooted in the physics of mixed-phase clouds, alongside theory and global satellite observations to derive a new estimate of the climate sensitivity of the CMIP5 and CMIP6 ESMs.

 

Calibration of Parameters of Distributed Land Surface Models Using a Deeping Learning Technique

By Qingyun Duan,  Ruochen Sun

Land surface models (LSMs) are an important component of the Earth system models (ESMs), playing the role of simulating various land surface processes, including water, energy and carbon cycles over land. Calibration of LSM parameters presents an enormous challenge due to the compression of information inherent in model outputs and observations into a single-value objective function, which leads to uneven spatiotemporal performance of the model. We propose the use of a deep learning technique to fully utilize spatiotemporal information from the model outputs, observations as well as from land surface characteristics. Here, we presents a generative adversarial network-based Parameter Optimization (GAN-PO) method, which leverages a deep neural network to discern model spatial biases to produce spatially consistent parameter fields and minimizes the differences between simulations and observations. We applied GAN-PO to the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model to simulate evapotranspiration (ET) over China’s Huaihe basin. We will show that GAN-PO can diminish errors in simulated ET across nearly all grid cells within the study region. Notably, due to the discriminator’s explicit identification of model spatial biases, GAN-PO excels in maintaining spatial consistency.

Cartographie magnétique marine dans la sous-zone sismique de la baie de Passamaquoddy

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– Par John Evangelatos, Karl E. Butler, Jennifer Adam, William A. Morris – 

La région de la baie de Passamaquoddy, au sud-ouest du Nouveau-Brunswick et au nord-est du Maine, a connu au moins deux séismes de magnitude 5 et de nombreux autres séismes de magnitude plus faible depuis le début des années 1800 (Halchuk et coll. 2015). Une compréhension approfondie de la sismicité régionale, bien que pertinente pour les géoscientifiques, est particulièrement importante du point de vue de la sécurité publique, étant donné que la Centrale nucléaire de Point Lepreau est située à 45 km à l’est de St. Andrews, au Nouveau-Brunswick, le long de la côte de la baie de Fundy. Un levé magnétique aéroporté régional effectué en 2001 (Kiss et coll., 2002), avec une garde au sol nominale de 100 m et un espacement des lignes de 200 m’a révélé des coudes (déflexions), reflétant peut-être des ruptures ou des décalages, dans l’anomalie par ailleurs linéaire associée au dyke de l’île Ministers. Nous avons donc émis l’hypothèse que le dyke de l’île Ministers, une intrusion mafique relativement jeune mise en place lors de la rupture naissante du supercontinent Pangea, avait été faillé. De plus, de telles failles potentielles peuvent être actuellement sismogènes. Pour vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons entrepris de mieux représenter l’anomalie du dyke de l’île Ministers en effectuant des levés magnétiques marins à haute résolution dans la rivière Ste-Croix et dans la partie nord de la baie de Passamaquoddy (Evangelatos et coll. 2024).

Les données initiales utilisées pour cette étude ont été acquises en 2005 à l’aide d’un navire de recherche en fibre de verre de 13 mètres. Un magnétomètre marin à effet Overhauser SeaSpy (capteur magnétique), prêté par la Commission géologique du Canada, a été utilisé pour mesurer l’intensité du champ magnétique total, tandis qu’un échosondeur à faisceau unique a été utilisé pour la bathymétrie. Le magnétomètre a été remorqué à 30 m derrière le navire (figure 2) à une profondeur d’environ 1 m sous la surface de l’eau. Au total, 113,4 lignes-kilomètres de données ont été acquises.

Le levé par bateau a fourni une couverture et une résolution satisfaisantes pour expliquer le comportement de l’anomalie du dyke de l’île Ministers dans la baie de Passamaquoddy (abordé ci-dessous). Dans la rivière Ste-Croix, cependant, la ligne la plus à l’ouest ne laissait entrevoir qu’une rupture et un décalage le long de la tendance du dyke de l’île Ministers — il fallait davantage de données pour dissiper nos doutes! En 2016, l’occasion s’est présentée de réexaminer cette étude. C’est ainsi que le relevé de la rivière Ste-Croix a été étendu vers l’ouest aux eaux peu profondes et intertidales de Brooks Cove, dans le Maine, à l’aide d’un magnétomètre GEM Overhauser monté sur un kayak à deux places (Adam 2017; figure 3). En plus du relevé de Brooks Cove, une ligne du relevé en bateau de 2005 a été relevée à des fins de comparaison et de nivellement. Des stations magnétiques de base ont été déployées sur le rivage pour enregistrer les variations diurnes et temporelles, et des échantillons de roches orientées ont été prélevés sur un affleurement côtier du dyke de l’île Ministers pour mesurer la susceptibilité magnétique et l’aimantation rémanente.

Les données magnétiques marines à haute résolution montrent un décalage latéral droit de 370 m du dyke de l’île Ministers le long de la faille d’Oak Bay, en aval de la rivière Ste-Croix — une déduction qui était ambiguë dans le levé aéromagnétique de 2001. Ce mouvement est opposé au déplacement latéral gauche de la faille qui est préservé dans des roches beaucoup plus anciennes (de l’ère paléozoïque) trouvées sur la terre ferme au nord, au fond d’Oak Bay. Cette inversion de mouvement peut être liée à la compression mésozoïque également observée ailleurs dans le bassin du rift de Fundy (Withjack et coll. 1995; Waldron et coll., 2005). Bien que l’on ne sache pas si le décalage du dyke de l’île Ministers est lié à l’activité sismique moderne, la position révisée de la faille d’Oak Bay sous l’estuaire de la rivière Ste-Croix offre un point de mire pour de futures études néotectoniques utilisant, par exemple, le profilage acoustique du fond pour obtenir des images des sédiments marins du Quaternaire. En outre, les solutions du plan de faille pour les tremblements de terre à proximité de la faille d’Oak Bay peuvent être réexaminées afin de déterminer si une composante de glissement latéral droit, compatible avec le décalage du dyke de l’île Ministers observé, est observée. En revanche, les légères courbures et bifurcations du dyke de l’île Ministers observées plus à l’ouest dans la baie de Passamaquoddy semblent être des caractéristiques de mise en place originales et/ou une conséquence des changements de la profondeur du substratum rocheux ainsi que de légères déviations de la verticalité du dyke. La modélisation du dyke dans cette zone ne montre aucune preuve qu’il a été décalé par une faille — du moins pas à la résolution de notre étude.

Les interprétations géologiques issues de notre travail ont été rendues possibles par l’amélioration de la résolution spatiale offerte par les levés marins ciblant des régions d’intérêt dans des cartes géophysiques à plus faible résolution. Nous pensons que les nouvelles technologies récemment développées, telles que les véhicules aériens sans pilote (UAV) et les véhicules sous-marins autonomes (AUV), offrent de nouvelles possibilités aux chercheurs en sciences de la terre et des océans et pour des applications dans les études d’ingénierie.

 

– By John Evangelatos, Karl E. Butler, Jennifer Adam, William A. Morris – 

Figure 1. Map of the Passamaquoddy Bay (PB) region displaying epicentres of earthquakes with magnitudes above 2 from May 1817 to January 2021. Data compiled from Halchuk et al. (2015) and Earthquakes Canada (2021). Thick black line represents the trace of the Oak Bay Fault, which is co-linear with the St. Croix River estuary. Acronym DI: Deer Island, CI: Campobello Island, GM: Grand Manan Island

The Passamaquoddy Bay region, southwest New Brunswick and northeast Maine, has experienced at least two earthquakes of magnitude 5 and many more earthquakes of smaller magnitude since the early 1800s (Halchuk et al. 2015). A thorough understanding of the regional seismicity, while relevant to geoscientists, is particularly important from a public safety standpoint considering that the Point Lepreau Nuclear Generating Station is located 45 km east of St. Andrews, New Brunswick, along the Bay of Fundy coastline. As shown in Figure 1, there appears to be some clustering of known epicentres west of the Oak Bay Fault, although this distribution is difficult to interpret due to the high error inherent in locating pre-instrumental earthquakes and inadequate seismographic coverage up until the early 1980s. Geologists sought to find evidence of recent (neotectonic) activity along the Oak Bay Fault and other faults in the region, but results were inconclusive (e.g., Kelley et al. 1989, Burke and Stringer 1993). A regional airborne magnetic survey flown in 2001 (Kiss et al., 2002), with a nominal ground clearance of 100 m and line spacing of 200 m, revealed kinks (deflections), possibly reflecting breaks or offsets, in the otherwise linear anomaly associated with the Ministers Island dyke (MID). We therefore hypothesized that the MID, a relatively young mafic intrusion emplaced during the incipient breakup of the Pangea supercontinent, had been faulted. Moreover, such potential faults may be currently seismogenic. To test this hypothesis, we set out to better image the MID anomaly by conducting high resolution marine magnetic surveys in the St. Croix River and the northern part of Passamaquoddy Bay (Evangelatos et al. 2024).

Interestingly, this marine magnetic survey was originally conceived as a way to prepare for a similar survey in a remote lake in central Quebec to investigate the Ile Rouleau impact structure (Evangelatos et al. 2009). The results however, led to richer geological insights than expected. As such, we encourage readers to optimize every opportunity to do science, even when it just involves testing equipment or new methods.

The initial data used for this study were acquired in 2005 using a 13 m fibreglass research vessel. A SeaSpy Overhauser-effect marine magnetometer (magnetic sensor), on loan from the Geological Survey of Canada, was used to measure the total magnetic field intensity, while a single-beam echo-sounder was used for bathymetry. The magnetometer was towed 30 m behind the vessel (Figure 2) at a depth of ~1 m below the water surface. In total, 113.4 line-kilometers of data were acquired.

The boat survey provided satisfactory coverage and resolution for explaining the behaviour of the MID anomaly in Passamaquoddy Bay (discussed below). In the St. Croix River, however, the westernmost line only hinted at a break and offsetting along the trend of the MID– more data was needed to quash our doubts! An opportunity arose in 2016 to revisit this study. And so, the St. Croix River survey was extended westward into the shallow and intertidal waters of Brooks Cove, Maine, using a GEM Overhauser magnetometer mounted on a two-person kayak (Adam 2017; Figure 3). In addition to surveying Brooks Cove, a line from the 2005 boat survey was re-surveyed for comparison and levelling purposes. Stationary magnetic base stations were deployed on shore to record diurnal/temporal variations, and oriented rock samples were collected from a coastal outcrop of the MID to measure magnetic susceptibility and remanent magnetization.

Figure 2. Karl Butler launching the SeasSpy magnetometer.

The raw magnetic field measurements were filtered to remove minor random noise, then corrected for changes in the ambient magnetic field caused by ionospheric activity (i.e., diurnal/temporal variations monitored by base station magnetometers we had set up onshore). Finally, the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF), representing the Earth core’s contribution to the total magnetic field was subtracted. The remainder is referred to as the total field magnetic anomaly (TFMA) and represents magnetic fields created by magnetic (especially magnetite-rich) rock in Earth’s crust. Despite this treatment, line-effects persisted in the data. We attributed this noise to tides, which continuously varied the height of the magnetometer above magnetic sources below the seafloor. In particular, the magnetometer could be almost 6 m closer to the top of the MID at low tide than at high tide. The TFMA data were tie-line levelled to suppress these artefacts.

The results of the high resolution marine magnetic surveys are best illustrated using the vertical gradient of the magnetic field (Figure 4), which emphasizes shallow sources (such as bedrock contacts) and can be calculated from the TFMA by virtue of it (like gravity) being a potential field. Comparing the airborne data to the much more detailed marine data demonstrates the benefits of acquiring high resolution data– which is primarily due to the reduced source-to-sensor separation (1 – 60 m of water vs 100-160 m of air plus water), though also because of the finer line spacing (50 or 100 m vs 200 m).

Forward modelling of the data, constrained by water depths, rock properties, and dyke geometry from onshore field studies, was undertaken to characterize the MID. Those quantitative modelling results, combined with observed variations in the strength, trend and character of the dyke anomaly (Figure 4) led to several conclusions. For the St. Croix River survey, the results and their interpretation are as follows:

  • the MID anomaly is better described as two linear magnetic highs aligned sub‑parallel to one another, suggesting that the MID segmented into a thinner northern dykelet and a main southern dyke;
  • a discontinuity in the MID anomaly east of Brooks Cove is apparent in the magnetic mapping and supported by the modelling;
  • there is a ~370 m of right-lateral offset between the MID anomaly on either side of the inferred Oak Bay Fault below the St. Croix River;
  • an abrupt weakening of the MID anomaly at the Oak Bay Fault is due to demagnetization in the fault zone as a result of geochemical alteration;
  • the MID anomaly is curved into the Oak Bay Fault zone, suggestive of clockwise drag folding during post-emplacement right-lateral movement of the fault;
  • the trace of the Oak Bay Fault has been redrawn as the demarcation between two domains of contrasting magnetic character; and
  • a crudely annular and irregular anomaly to the south of the MID in Brooks Cove is caused by the Red Beach Granite.
Figure 3. Setup for the kayak magnetic survey showing A) the position of the magnetometer console and sensor (inside the forward hatch), B) the kayak facing outcrops of the Red Beach Granite, and c) sensor inside the forward hatch.

For Passamaquoddy Bay:

  • the speculative Big Bay Fault, originally conceived to explain a linear trend in pockmarks along the seabed, does not show any evidence of movement after emplacement of the MID, consistent with the findings of a low resolution marine magnetic survey from 1988 (Burke and Stinger 1993);
  • as in the St. Croix River, the MID anomaly segments into two parts, in eastern Passamaquody Bay, that diverge eastwardly;
  • while the amplitude of the southern segment weakens and disappears rather abruptly, the northern segment gradually thins out 1.2 km to the east, according to our modelling;
  • this configuration is indicative of sinistral stepover emplacement of the dyke (i.e., an original feature, unrelated to faulting), also observed in genetically related dykes elsewhere in northeastern North America (McHone et al. 2022); and
  • at the resolution of our survey, there is no evidence of post-emplacement faulting of the MID in Passamaquoddy Bay that could account for elevated levels of seismicity in the region.

To conclude, high resolution marine magnetic data show a 370 m right-lateral offset of the Ministers Island dyke along the Oak Bay Fault, below the St. Croix River– an inference that was ambiguous in the 2001 aeromagnetic survey. This sense of motion is opposite to left-lateral displacement of the fault that is preserved in much older (Paleozoic Era) rocks found onshore to the north at the head of Oak Bay. Such reversal of motion may be connected to Mesozoic compression also observed elsewhere in the Fundy rift basin (Withjack et al. 1995; Waldron et al. 2005). While it is unclear if offsetting of the MID is related to modern seismic activity, the revised position of the Oak Bay Fault beneath the St. Croix River estuary offers a focus for future neotectonic investigations using, for example, acoustic sub-bottom profiling to image marine Quaternary sediments. In addition, fault plane solutions for earthquakes near Oak Bay Fault can be revisited to determine whether a right-lateral strike-slip component, consistent with the observed MID offset, is observed. In contrast, slight bends and bifurcation of the MID observed farther to the west in Passamaquoddy Bay appear to be original emplacement features and/or a consequence of changes in depth-to-bedrock together with slight deviations of the dyke from verticality. Modelling of the dyke in that area show no evidence that it has been offset by faulting– at least not at the resolution of our survey.

The geological interpretations stemming from our work were enabled by the improved spatial resolution afforded by the marine surveys targeting regions of interest in lower resolution geophysical maps. Newer recently developed  technologies, like cost-effective unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), we believe  offer new opportunities for researchers in the Earth and Ocean sciences and for applications in engineering studies

Figure 4. A) Vertical gradient of the total magnetic field in the vicinity of the St. Croix River estuary (SC) and the north shore of Passamaquoddy Bay located to the east and west of the St. Andrews peninsula, respectively. Most of the map is derived from the 2001 airborne survey, except for the two areas outlined in purple, which were derived from the marine surveys. The tan-coloured dashed line, co-linear with the SC, marks the revised trace of the Oak Bay Fault (OBF). The inset maps (B) illustrate the improved spatial resolution afforded by the marine survey (lower panel) over the airborne survey (upper panel) in the 1600 m x 800 m area outlined by the white box where the OBF has displaced the MID under the SC. Note the irregular anomaly associated with Red Beach Granite (RBG) in the lower panel.

 

John (Yanni) Evangelatos earned a B.Sc. (2005) from McGill University, a M.Sc. (2008) from the University of New Brunswick, and a Ph.D. (2018) from Dalhousie University. John was a contractor/consultant for clients in industry (mineral and petroleum), government, and academia, and has been employed as a Geophysicist with the Ontario Geological Survey since 2022.

Karl Butler, Ph.D., P.Geo., P.Eng., is a Professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of New Brunswick. His research emphasizes use and development of near-surface geophysical methods for engineering, hydrogeological and geological applications.

Jennifer Adam graduated with honours from the University of New Brunswick with a double major in Earth Science and Physics. Following her scientific education, she earned a Juris Doctor and is currently practicing law.

William Morris graduated from the University of Leeds with a B.Sc. Hons in Earth Sciences and then completed a Ph.D. with the Open University. After supervising several graduate students at McMaster University, William is now Professor Emeritus with expertise in potential field geophysics, borehole magnetics, palaeomagnetics, and physical rock property analysis.

 

References

Adam, J., 2017. Inferring post-Jurassic movement of the Oak Bay Fault through acquisition and modelling of magnetic profiles across the Ministers Island Dyke in Brooks Cove, Maine, USA. B.Sc. Honours thesis. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B., Canada.

Burke, K.B.S., and Stringer, P. 1993. A search for neotectonic features in the Passamaquoddy Bay region, southwestern New Brunswick, Current Research, Part D. Geological Survey of Canada. Paper 93 1D: 93-102.

Evangelatos, J., Butler, K.E., Adam, J., and Morris, W.A. 2024. New insights on faulting in southwest New Brunswick and northeast Maine based on marine magnetic mapping of the Ministers Island dyke. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 61: 187-204.

Evangelatos, J., Butler, K.E., and Spray, J.G. 2009. A marine magnetic study of a carbonate-hosted impact structure: Ile Rouleau, Canada. Geophysical Journal International, 179 (1): 171–181.

Halchuk, S., Allen, T.I., Rogers, G.C., and Adams, J. 2015. Seismic Hazard Earthquake Epicentre File (SHEEF2010) used in the Fifth Generation Seismic Hazard Maps of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 7724.

Kelley, J.T., Belknap, D.F., Shipp, R.C., and Miller, S. B. 1989. An investigation of neotectonic activity in coastal Maine by seismic reflection methods. Neotectonics of Maine, Maine Geological Survey Bulletin, 40: 157-204.

Kiss F., Potvin J., Coyle, M., and McLeod, M. 2002. Magnetic first vertical derivative map, Geological Survey of Canada, St. George, New Brunswick: NTS 21 G/02, MP 2002-1A, Open File 4207, scale 1:50 000.

McHone, G.J., Barr, S.M., and Jourdan, F. 2022. Petrology and age of the Lepreau River Dyke, southern New Brunswick, Canada: source of the end-Triassic Fundy Group basalts. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 59: 12-28.

Waldron, J.W.F., Barr, S.M., Park, A., F., White, C.E., and Hibbard, J., 2015. Late Palaeozoic strike-slip faults in Maritimes Canada and their role in the reconfiguration of the northern Appalachians orogen. Tectonics, 34: 1661–1684.

Withjack, M.O., Olsen, P.E., and Schlische, R.W. 1995. Tectonic evolution of the Fundy rift basin, Canada: evidence of extension and shortening during passive margin development. Tectonics, 14(2): 390-405.

Couverture de glace, stratification et mélange dans la mer de Kitikmeot de l’archipel Arctique canadien

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– Par Chengzhu Xu et Qi Zhou –

La mer de Kitikmeot est une étendue ‘eau enfermée située entre l’île Victoria et la partie continentale du Canada, dans le sud de l’archipel Arctique canadien. Elle se compose (d’ouest en est) du détroit de Dolphin et Union, du golfe Coronation, du détroit Dease, du golfe Reine-Maud et du détroit de Victoria.

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– Par Smith, G.C., P. Pernica, Y. Lu, N. Soontiens, R. Horwitz, F. Dupont, M. Dunphy, Y. LeClainche, I. Gaboury, F. Davidson, C. Bourgault-Brunelle, A. Leroux, A. Holdsworth, D. Lavoie, R. Hourston, D. Schillinger, G. Sutherland, J.-P. Paaquin, H. Ritchie –

Le Réseau opérationnel canadien de systèmes couplés de prévision environnementale (ROCSCPE) a organisé un atelier scientifique du 17 au 27 octobre et du 9 au 10 novembre 2022. L’atelier a mis l’accent sur les quatre objectifs suivants : 1) l’état des systèmes de prévision du ROCSCPE et la pertinence de leurs produits pour les utilisateurs actuels du ROCSCPE; 2) la détermination des domaines potentiels d’amélioration des systèmes du ROCSCPE;

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Incertitude sur le puits de carbone marin du Canada

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– Par Patrick Duke –

Il est essentiel de mieux comprendre comment l’océan absorbe le dioxyde de carbone pour atténuer les effets du changement climatique. Les eaux environnantes du Canada constituent un puits net de dioxyde de carbone atmosphérique.

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