Rétrospective: Robie W. Macdonald, OC, FRSC (1947-2022)

-Par Sophia C. Johannessen and Jules M. Blais-

Cette rétrospective a été publiée pour la première fois sur FACETS le 22 septembre 2022.

Robie (Rob) Macdonald a étudié les systèmes océaniques à grande échelle, notamment le cycle global du carbone, le changement climatique et les contaminants, dans les océans Arctique et Pacifique. Il était reconnu internationalement comme l’un des principaux experts du pays sur le comportement des contaminants dans l’environnement marin, et il mettait à contribution de nouvelles idées et une large perspective à chaque projet.

Parmi ses nombreuses réalisations, Rob a été l’un des chefs de file de l’effort international visant à bannir la « douzaine de polluants » persistants, organiques et bioaccumulatifs, ainsi que dans l’interdiction des éthers diphényliques polybromés au Canada. Bien que ses travaux sur les contaminants aient eu une grande influence sur la politique nationale et internationale, Rob préférait étudier les contaminants en tant que traceurs des voies naturelles. Il souhaitait comprendre le fonctionnement des systèmes et leur évolution sous l’effet du changement climatique.

L’originalité et l’excellence de son travail étaient largement reconnues, mais c’est sa générosité et sa sagesse dans l’encadrement des autres qui ont fait la plus grande différence pour les personnes qui l’ont connu.

Conseils sur la science et la vie

Rob réfléchissait profondément à la science et à la vie. Il a formulé ces idées sous forme de conseils, qu’il partageait librement avec des étudiants, des collègues et même des dirigeants. Voici quelques-unes de ses conclusions :

• Trouvez ce qui vous passionne et faites-le.
• Prenez la science au sérieux, mais pas vous-même.
• Ne faites pas les choses pour être récompensé. Ce n’est pas un monde de quiproquo lorsqu’il s’agit de choses ayant une valeur réelle et profonde.
• Tirez parti de la chance en faisant le travail à l’avance pour être prêt lorsque l’occasion se présente.
• Portez le « bon chapeau » pour la situation.
• Incluez et appréciez les gens, en particulier le personnel de soutien technique et graphique.
• Soutenez les nouveaux chercheurs qui n’ont pas de bilan (et continuez à les soutenir s’ils produisent).
• Entourez-vous de personnes avec lesquelles vous aimez travailler.
• Donnez des idées.
• Le secret d’une vie heureuse est la gratitude. Si vous avez des yeux pour voir, la vie nous donne beaucoup et pourtant elle ne nous doit rien.

Enfin, Rob a dit que les conversations les plus importantes sur soi-même ont lieu lorsqu’on est hors de la pièce. Ces conversations sont guidées par notre comportement, notre compassion etnos choix. Dans les mois qui ont suivi la mort de Rob, il y a eu un grand nombre de conversations à son sujet. Il a apporté des contributions importantes et durables à la science et, plus encore, il a fait une réelle différence pour les gens.

-By Sophia C. Johannessen and Jules M. Blais-

This retrospective was first published on FACETS on 22 September 2022.

Robie (Rob) Macdonald studied large-scale ocean systems, including the global carbon cycle, climate change and contaminants, in the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. He was recognized internationally as one of the country’s primary experts on the behaviour of contaminants in the marine environment, and he brought new insight and a broad perspective to every project.

Among his many accomplishments, Rob was a leader in the international effort to ban the “dirty dozen” of persistent, organic, bioaccumulative pollutants, as well as in the ban on polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Canada. Although his contaminant work was highly influential on national and international policy, Rob preferred to study contaminants as tracers of natural pathways. He wanted to understand how systems worked and how they were changing as a result of climate change.

The originality and excellence of his work were widely recognized, but it was his generosity and wisdom in mentoring others that made the greatest difference to the people who knew him.

Education, employment, recognition

Rob received a Ph.D. in Chemistry from Dalhousie University in 1972, with a thesis on the oxidation of ethylene. After working as a post-doctoral fellow for three years, he became a Research Scientist for Fisheries and Oceans Canada in 1975. When the Institute of Ocean Sciences opened in 1978, Rob moved into an office there, where he remained for the rest of his career. On retiring in 2013, he continued his research as an Emeritus scientist.

Rob wrote or co-authored 280 peer-reviewed articles, as well as numerous book chapters and reports. Even during the last year of his life, he submitted five articles and a book chapter.

The excellence of his work was widely recognized (Table 1). He held Fellowships in the Royal Society of Canada (2004), the American Geophysical Union, the Chemical Institute of Canada, the Explorers Club and the Royal Canadian Geographical Society. He received numerous awards, culminating in his being named an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2019.

As a federal government scientist, Rob’s expertise was recognized within government as well as in academia. He was promoted to the highest classification of Research Scientist, and in 2002 he received the Head of the Public Service of Canada Award. In 2015 he received the Prix d’Excellence, Fisheries and Oceans Canada’s most prestigious award.

Scientific approach and major contributions

Rob brought a broad perspective to his work. He liked to stand back from the details to see the larger picture. To that end, he often constructed regional box model budgets, including budgets for organic and inorganic carbon (e.g. Capelle et al., 2020) and several contaminants (e.g. polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Yunker et al., 1999). He looked for the levers that could effect change in a system, in order to determine which processes actually mattered. He then applied this understanding to evaluate the sensitivity of particular systems to climate change (e.g. McGuire et al., 2009).

He built a deep understanding of the environment, brick by brick, first laying a solid foundation of budget and pathway studies, before applying that understanding to topical applied questions. For example, he used his basic work in freshwater budgets and oxygen stable isotopes (Macdonald et al., 1995) to develop a method to assist fisheries officers to identify whether salmon had been caught legally in the ocean or illegally in a river. He used a similar approach to assess the footprint of Victoria’s controversial sewage discharge in a regional context, based on a set of foundational geochemical studies (Johannessen et al., 2015).

His broad knowledge enabled him to bring insight from one field to inform another. For example, earlier research had focused on contaminants or climate change, but rarely both simultaneously. With his knowledge of climate change and its effects on the carbon cycle, Rob showed that not all changes in contaminants in the environment or in food webs were related to changes in contaminant discharge. He linked the two fields in a way that produced a new understanding of contaminant trends, particularly in the Arctic (e.g. Macdonald et al. 2003).

Rob’s perspective on ocean and atmospheric pathways proved essential for integrating the state of knowledge on arctic contaminants, as part of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme and the Canadian Northern Contaminants Program. He led a 140-page synthesis of Canadian Arctic contaminant pathways (Macdonald et al. 2000), which was one of the most comprehensive analyses of contaminants in the Arctic for its time, an accomplishment for which he was awarded the Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society President’s Prize (2000).

While his studies and syntheses led to new perspectives on the anthropogenic contamination of the Arctic, they have perhaps even more importantly illuminated the biogeochemical systems into which the contaminants enter. Working, as always, with colleagues, Rob used the patterns in stable and radioactive lead isotopes in sediment to map major Arctic water circulation patterns (Gobeil et al., 2001). His work also led to an improved understanding of the processes that lead to amplification of contaminants in the environment (e.g. Macdonald et al. 2002). He also showed how large-scale animal migrations, like those of Pacific salmon or seabirds, are efficient vectors for contaminants (e.g. Blais et al. 2007).

In his research Rob emphasized the importance of timescale. On the small scale this meant recognizing that biological mixing of surface sediment could smear together years or even thousands of years of accumulated sediment. He developed a method that could unmix core records mathematically, to show what the original history must have been (Macdonald et al., 1992). On the global scale, he explained that no matter how carbon is distributed among compartments in the modern carbon cycle, the continued addition of ancient fossil fuels increases the total amount of carbon in the modern environment; there is no mechanism to remove it on a timescale relevant to humans.

Rob believed that peer-review represented the best form of quality control for science and that the science wasn’t done until it had been reviewed and published. He said that papers published in good journals represented the platform of a researcher’s expertise and credibility. He also believed that – regardless of the political culture of the time – it was a government scientist’s responsibility to build such a platform of expertise, based on reviewed and published science, so that they could offer the best possible advice to government.

He stressed the importance of field work, as well. He pointed out that the word autopsy came from “seeing for oneself.” He believed that there was no substitute for getting out and seeing the environment first-hand. To this end, he spent substantial time in the field, including approximately 40 sampling cruises on ships and many other expeditions by small boat, airplane, helicopter and snowmobile.

Advice on science and life

Rob thought deeply about science and life. He formulated these ideas into advice, which he shared freely with students, colleagues and even managers. Here are just a few of his conclusions:

• Find what you’re passionate about, and do that.
• Take the science seriously, but not yourself.
• Don’t do things for rewards. It is not a quid pro quo world when it comes to things of true, deep value.
• Take advantage of luck by doing the work ahead of time to be ready when an opportunity arises.
• Wear the “right hat” for the situation.
• Include and appreciate people, particularly technical and graphics support staff.
• Support new researchers who have no track record (and then continue to support them if they produce).
• Surround yourself with people you like to work with.
• Give away ideas.
• The secret to a happy life is gratitude. If you have eyes to see, life gives us much and yet it owes us nothing.

Finally, Rob said that the most important conversations about oneself happen when one is out of the room. Those conversations are guided by one’s behaviour, compassion, and choices. In the months since Rob’s death, there have been a great number of conversations about him. He made significant and lasting contributions to science, and more than that, he made a real difference to people.

References

Blais JM, Macdonald RW, Mackay D, Webster E, Harvey C, Smol JP. 2007. Biologically mediated transport of contaminants in aquatic systems. “Critical Review” Environmental Science & Technology, 41: 1075-1084.

Capelle D, Kuzyk Z Z, Papakyriakou T, Gueguen C, Miller L and Macdonald R 2020 Effect of terrestrial organic matter on ocean acidification and CO2 flux in an Arctic Shelf Sea Progress in Oceanography 185 102319 10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102319.

Gobeil, C., Macdonald, R.W., Smith, J.N., & Beaudin, L. (2001) Atlantic water flow pathways revealed by lead contamination in Arctic basin sediments. Science, 293, 1301-1304. doi: 10.1126/science.1062167.

Johannessen S C, Macdonald R W, Burd B, van Roodselaar A and Bertold S 2015 Local environmental conditions determine the footprint of municipal effluent in coastal waters: A case study in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia Science of the Total Environment 508 228-239

Macdonald RW, Barrie LA, Bidleman TF, Diamond ML, Gregor DJ, Semkin RG, Strachan WMJ, Li YF, Wania F, Alaee M, Alexeeva LB, Backus SM, Bailey R, Bewers JM, Gobeil C, Halsall CJ, Harner T, Hoff JT, Jantunen LMM, Lockhart WL, Mackay D, Muir DCG, Pudykiewicz J, Reimer KJ, Smith JN, Stern GA, Schroeder WH, Wagemann R, Yunker MB. 2000. Contaminants in the Canadian Arctic: 5 years of progress in understanding sources, occurrence and pathways. Science of the Total Environment 254 (2-3), 93-234

Macdonald R W, Cretney W J, Crewe N and Paton D 1992 A history of octachlorodibenzo-pdioxin, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, and 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl contamination in Howe Sound, British Columbia Environmental Science & Technology, 26 8 1544-1550 10.1021/es00032a008

Macdonald RW, Mackay D, Hickie B. 2002. Contaminant amplification in the environment. Environmental Science & Technology, 36: 456A-462A.

Macdonald RW, Mackay D, Li YF, Hickie B. 2003. How will global climate change affect risks from long-range transport of persistent organic pollutants. Human and Ecological Risk Assess, 9, 643-660

Macdonald RW, Paton DW, Carmack EC, Omstedt A. 1995. The freshwater budget and underice spreading of Mackenzie River water in the Canadian Beaufort Sea based on salinity and 18O/ 16O measurements in water and ice. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 100: 895-919.

McGuire A D, Anderson L G, Christensen T R, Dallimore S, Guo L D, Hayes D J, Heimann M, Lorenson T D, Macdonald R W and Roulet N 2009 Sensitivity of the carbon cycle in the Arctic to climate change Ecological Monographs 79 4 523-555 10.1890/08-2025.1

Yunker M B, Macdonald R W, Goyette D, Paton D W, Fowler B R, Sullivan D and Boyd J 1999 Natural and anthropogenic inputs of hydrocarbons to the Strait of Georgia Science of The Total Environment 225 3 181-209 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00362-3